Endnotes to the Plates

Plate 1.

Below the Falls of St. Anthony from right shore below 10th Avenue bridge, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1885

1. Roald Tweet, Rock Island District: 1866-1983 (Rock Island, Illinois: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers District, 1984), 14.

2. Jane Lamm Carroll, Engineer the Falls: The Corps of Engineers' Role at St. Anthony Falls (St. Paul: St. Paul District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, n.d.), 14.

3. Ibid., 17.

4. Raymond H. Merritt, Creativity, Conflict, & Controversy: A History of the St. Paul District U.S. Corps of Engineers (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1979), 131.

Plate 2.

Old Steamboat Landing at Minneapolis (Looking Downstream) L. W. January, 1890

1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1894 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1894), 1682.

2. Raymond H. Merritt, The Corps, the Environment, and the Upper Mississippi River (Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Engineers, Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984), 14.

3. Ibid., 138.

4. Merritt, Creativity, 15; U.S. Army Corp of Engineers, Annual Report 1889, 1740.

5. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1884, 1557-58.

6. Merritt, Creativity, 14.

7. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1889, 1740.

8. Merritt, The Corps, 18.

9. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1889, 1740.

10. Merritt, The Corps, 19.

Plate 3.

St. Paul, Minnesota from Quarry on North Side of West St. Paul, 1885

1. Mark Twain, Life on the Mississippi (Cutchogue, New York: Buccaneer Books, 1986), 340-41.

Plate 4.

Dams below Nininger, Minesota., from Cliffs at Nininger Looking Upstream, 1889

1. H. Bosse and A. J. Stibolt, Map of the Mississippi River from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Junction of the Illinois River (Washington D.C.: N. Peters Photo Lithographer, 1887-88),1-2; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1893, 36.

2. Bosse and Stibolt, 2; Lucille Hamargren Doffing, Hastings on the Mississippi. (Hastings, Minn.: Hastings Gazette, 1976), 36.

3. Willoughby M. Babcock, "A Vanished Dream: Nininger," Gopher Historian 13 (1958), 10.

4. Leslie A. Guelcher, The History of Nininger...More Than Just a Dream (Stillwater, Minnesota: The Croixside Press, 1982), 179.

5. Babcock, 10.

6. Guelcher, 79, 200.

7. Babcock, 13.

8. Guelcher, 183.

9. Babcock, 12.

10. Bosse and Stibolt, 2.

11. Guelcher, 163-67.

12. Ibid., 175.

13. Babcock, 13.

Plate 5.

From Bluffs at Franklin's Coulee (Below Nininger) Looking Upstream L. W. 1891

1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1884, 1554.

2. Ibid., 1557-58.

3. Ibid., 1554.

Plate 6.

Wreck of Excursion Boat "Seawing"

1. Frederick Way, Jr., Way's Packet Directory (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, 1983), 422.

2. Frederick J. Johnson, The Seawing Disaster (Red Wing, Minnesota: Goodhue County Historical Society, 1986), 1, 2.

3. Ibid., 9-10.

4. Ibid., 13.

5. Frederick Way, Jr., Way's Steam Towboat Directory (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University, 1990), 204.

6. Ibid.

7. Johnson, 79.

Plate 7.

From Upper Part of Point Douglass, Minnesota Looking Downstream. L. W. 1891

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 2.

Plate 8.

Mouth of Chippewa River, 1885

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 4.

2. Merritt, The Corps, 21, 22.

3. Merritt, Creativity, 265.

4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1878, 728.

5. Merritt, Creativity, 265.

6. Ibid, 269.

Plate 9.

Boatyard at Wabasha, Minnesota, 1890

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 4.

2. David Fisk, personal communication, Wabasha, Minnesota, 5 March 1997; Way, Towboat, 15.

3. Fisk, personal communication.

4. Way, Towboat, 15.

Plate 10.

Foot of West Newton Chute, 1889

1. George W. Wickstrom and Charles P. Ainsworth, Always Lumber: The Story of Dimock, Gould & Co. (Rock Island, Illinois: Augustana Book Concern, 1952), 88.

2. Bosse and Stilbolt, 1887-88.

3. Merritt, Creativity, 269.

Plate 11.

Minneiska, Minnesota, 1885

1. Tom Weil, The Mississippi River: Nature, Culture and Travel Sites Along the "Mighty Mississip" (New York: Hippocrene Books, 1992), 72.

2. F. S. Eastman, Map of the Mississippi River from the Falls of St. Anthony to the Junction of the Illinois River (New York: American Photo-Litho Company, 1878); Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 1903-05.

Plate 12.

From Bluff at Rear of Fountain City Looking Downstream
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Twain, 332-33.

2. Lynn A. Rusch and John T. Penman, Historic Sites Along the Great River Road. Wisconsin Department of Transportation Archaeological Report 7 (Madison, Wisconsin: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1982), 22.

3. Bosse and Stilbolt, 1887-88, 5.

Plate 13.

Richtman's Quarry at Fountain City, Wisconsin, 1891

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 130.

2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1886, 1484.

3. Ibid, 1484.

Plate 14.

Fountain City, Wisconsin, 1891

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 5.

2. Twain, 329-30.

Plate 15.

Levee at Winona, Minnesota
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Insurance Maps of Winona, Minnesota (Chicago: Sanborn/Paris Map Company, 1894), 19; Winona, Winona County, Minnesota (New York: Sanborn Map and Publishing Company, 1889), 17.

2. William L. Crozier, Winona's First Golden Era 1865-1895, 1995, manuscript on file at Department of History, Saint Mary's University, Winona, Minnesota, pp. 2-4.

3. Ibid., 3-4.

4. Ibid., 17.

Plate 16.

Wagon Bridge at Winona, Minnesota, 1892
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. "Old High Bridge Built in 1892 for $100,000," The Winona (Minnesota) Daily News, 19 November 1955, Section F, p. 15; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, List of Bridges over the Navigable Waters of the United States (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1926), 236-37.

2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1887-88, 5.

3. Gene Purcell, "When a Bridge Tumbles Down," Big River 4, no. 5 (1996), 1-3.

4. "Old High Bridge," 15.

Plate 17.

From Bluff at Trempealeau Looking Upstream, 1885

1. Trempealeau Historical Album: 1867-1967 (Trempealeau, Wisconsin: Centennial Executive Committee, 1967), 1-2.

2. Ibid., 1.

3. Ibid.

4. Rusch and Penman, 39.

5. Trempealeau, 1.

Plate 18.

Cutting Brush and Making Fascines, 1891

1. C. MacDonald Townsend, "The Improvement of the Upper Mississippi River," Engineering News 61, no. 18 (1909), 486.

2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1880, 1499.

3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1882, 1722.

Plate 19.

Construction of Rock and Bush Dam. L. W. 1891

1. Townsend, 486.

2. H. Burgess, "Notes on the Improvement of the Upper Mississippi River," p. 16, 1921, unpublished manuscript in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Historical Files, Rock Island District, Rock Island, Illinois.

3. Townsend, 486; Tweet, Rock Island, 124; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1875, 36, 45.

4. Tweet, Rock Island, 68, 124.

5. Burgess, 10-11.

6. War Department Exhibit 1893, 36.

Plate 20.

Construction of Rock & Brush Wingdam L. W. 1891 Dam 1219

1. Twain, 331.

2. Bosse and Stibolt 1887-88, 6; 1903-05, 6.

3. Burgess, 17.

Plate 21.

Queen's Bluff, 1885

1. Carroll, 3; L. E. Wood, "Carver's Cave," Old Man River 6, no. 8 (1939):16; B. F. Tillinghast, Rock Island Arsenal: In Peace and War (Chicago, Illinois: The Henry O. Shepard Company, Printers, 1898) 16.

Plate 22.

Dresbach, Minnesota, 1891

1. History of Winona County: Together with Biographical Matter, Statistics, and Etc. (Chicago, Illinois: H. H. Hill and Company, 1883), 562-63.

Plate 23.

Coon Slough, 1885

1. Charles W. Durham, "Methods and Costs of Making the United States Improvements at Coon Slough on the Upper Mississippi River," Engineering and Contracting 38, no. 5 (1912), 135-36.

2. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1876, 6-7.

3. Durham, 13.

4. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 7; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1882, 1760-61.

Plate 24.

Snagging Scene, 1885

1. Edward A. Mueller, Upper Mississippi River Rafting Steamboats (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995), 44.

2. Twain, 171.

3. Burgess, 23.

4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1883, 1378.

Plate 25.

Genoa, Wisconsin, 1891

1. Weil, 102.

2. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 7.

3. Weil, 102.

Plate 26.

De Soto, Wisconsin, 1891

1. Weil, 104.

2. Rusch and Penman, 45.

3. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1892, 1760.

Plate 27.

Capoli Bluff, Iowa
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Ellery M. Hancock, Past and Present of Allamakee County, Iowa, vol. 1 (Chicago, Illinois: S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1913), 34.

2. Ibid., 25.

3. Ibid., 19-20.

Plate 28.

U. S. Steamlaunch "Lucia" (Inst. 1889)

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 207.

2. Ibid., 208-09.

3. Ibid., 209.

Plate 29.

Old Ponton [sic] Bridge at N. McGregor, Iowa, 1885

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 9; Bosse and Stibolt, 1903-05, 9.

2. Eastman, 9; Bosse and Stibolt, 1903-05, 9.

3. William Petersen, Mississippi River Panorama (Iowa City, Iowa: Clio Press, 1979), 66; Weil, 119.

4. Weil, 119.

5. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 9.

6. Ed Brick, "Mike Spettel's Better Bridge—Part Bridge, Part Pontoon," Big River 1, no. 12 (1993), 1-2.

7. Weil, 119.

8. Lucy Rodenberg, "Rafting and Lumber Business Played Big Part in Marquette History," McGregor (Iowa) North Iowa Times, 21 February 1966, 5.

9. Rodenberg, 5; Sally Scarff, Marquette Valley News
(March 1996), 2.

10. Scarff, 3.

11. Brick, 3.

Plate 30.

Eagle Point, 1885

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 12.

2. Randolph W. Lyon, Dubuque: The Encyclopedia (Dubuque, Iowa: Union-Hoerman Press, 1991)131, 132.

3. Ibid., 148.

4. Dubuque County Atlas (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Northwest Publishing Company, 1892):19; Lyon, 43.

5. Lyon, 43.

6. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1882, 1761.

7. Eagle Point Park brochure, (n.p., n.d.).

Plate 31.

Harbor at Dubuque, Iowa, with Hull of Windom
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 50.

2. Ibid.

3. U.S. Congress, Senate. Document No. 1., 30th Cong., 1st sess., 1847, 667-70.

4. Tweet, Rock Island, 53.

5. Report of the President's Message to Congress, Senate Document 1, Appendix 1 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1853): 94; Tweet, Rock Island, 53.

6. Tweet, Rock Island, 54.

7. Dubuque (Iowa) Daily Express and Herald, 27 November 1855, col. 1, p. 3.

8. Tweet, Rock Island, 135.

9. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1884, 1572.

10. Jack E. Custer and Sandra M. Custer, An Investigation of Submerged Historic Properties in the Upper Mississippi River and the Illinois Waterway, Cultural Resources Management Report No. 306 (Rock Island, Illinois: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1997), 17.

Plate 32.

Locks, Galena River, Looking Downstream
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. William J. Peterson, Steamboating on the Upper Mississippi (Iowa City, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1968), 233.

2. Ibid., 214.

3. Tweet, Rock Island, 137.

4. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1916, 1099.

5. Tweet, Rock Island, 137.

6. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-1888, 12.

7. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1916, 1098, 1099.

8. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1895, v.

9. Tweet, Rock Island, 137-38.

Plate 33.

Wagon Bridge between Lyons, Iowa, and Fulton, Illinois, 1891 (From the Shore at Fulton Below) L. W. 1891

1. Connie K. Heckert, Lyons: One Hundred Fifty Years North of the Big Tree (Eldridge, Iowa: Bawden Printing Company, 1985), 144.

2. Everett A. Streit, Once Upon a Time, vol.1 (Clinton, Illinois: Clinton Herald, 1993) 26.

3. Heckert, 144, 158.

Plate 34.

Lamb & Sons Sawmill at Clinton, Iowa, 1891
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. History of Clinton County, Iowa (Clinton, Iowa: Clinton County Historical Society, 1978), 94, 523.

2. Weil, 136.

3. Trempealeau, 101, 103.

4. Ibid., 105.

5. History of Clinton County, 106-108.

Plate 35.

At Clinton, Iowa, Drawspan of C. & N.W. R.R. Bridge, 1885

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-1888, 14; U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, List of Bridges Over the Navigable Waters of the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1926), 234-35.

2. War Department Exhibit, 35.

3. Everett A. Streit, Once Upon a Time, vol. 2 (Clinton, Illinois: Clinton Herald, 1993), 92.

Plate 36.

Raftboat "W. J. Young" (Inst. 1885)

1. Way, Towboat, 30, 54, 141, 216.

2. Twain, 171-72.

3. Twain, 331.

4. Edward A. Mueller, Upper Mississippi River Rafting Steamboats (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 1995), 90.

5. Way, Towboat, 232.

6. History of Clinton County, 106.

7. Mueller, 90.

8. Way, Towboat, 140.

Plate 37.

U.S. Arsenal
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. National Park Service, "Photographs Reduced of Measured Drawings (and) Written Historical Data," Rock Island Arsenal Historic American Engineering Record, Building 110 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Interior, 1986), 3; Thomas J. Slattery, An Illustrated History of the Rock Island Arsenal and Arsenal Island, Parts One and Two (Rock Island, Illinois: Historical Office, U.S. Army Armament, Munitions and Chemical Compound, 1990), 32.

2. Ibid., 33.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid., 75-77.

5. Ibid., 81- 82.

Plate 38.

19th Street _ Rock Island, Illinois, during High Water of 1888

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 70.

2. Petersen, "Mississippi River Floods," 335.

3. Ibid., 337-38.

Plate 39.

Boatyard of Kahlke Brothers at Rock Island, Illinois, March, 1892

1. Letterhead of the Kahlke Brothers Boatyard sent by Mr. Frederick Kahlke to The Waterway Journal, 29 April 1968.

2. Holland's Rock Island and Moline Directory (Chicago, Illinois: Holland Publishing Company, 1876), 44.

3. Ibid., 2; Bill Wundram, Jr., "Kahlke Bros. Still Building Wooden Boats Despite Advent of Steel Hulls and Diesels," Davenport (Iowa) The Democrat and Leader, 15 April 1951, p. 13.

4. Trempealeau, 44.

5. Jerry Canavit, The Kahlke Brothers Boatyard, unpublished manuscript on file at Steamboat Writings and Research, San Antonio, Texas, 8.

6. Canavit, 11.

7. Wundram, 13.

Plate 40.

Burlington, Iowa, 1885

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 18.

2. John W. Reps, Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Urban Development (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1994), 29.

Plate 41.

Iowa State Penitentiary, Fort Madison, Iowa, 1891

1. Joyce McKay, Iowa State Penitentiary Cellhouses Historic District National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (Des Moines, Iowa: State Historical Society of Iowa, 1992), 12; Weil, 158.

2. McKay, 1.

3. Ibid., 13.

4. Ibid., 1.

Plate 42.

Mechanic's Rock, D. M. Rapids L.W. 1889

1. Ronald W. Deiss, Mechanics Rock National Register of Historic Place Registration Form on file at the State Historical Society of Iowa, Des Moines, Iowa, 1995.

2. Bosse and Stibolt, 1903-05, 20.

3. Deiss, Mechanics Rock, 3.

4. Ibid., 2.

5. Ibid., 4.

6. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1888, 1508-09.

7. Ibid.

8. Deiss, Mechanics Rock, 5.

Plate 43.

Guard Lock (D. M. Rap. Canal) (From Bluffs on Iowa Shore, 1885)

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 4.

2. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 21; 1903-05, 20.

3. Tweet, Rock Island, 42.

4. Ibid., 44.

5. Ibid., 47.

6. Ibid., 67.

7. Ibid., 68.

8. War Department Exhibit, 37.

9. Roald Tweet, Taming the Des Moines Rapids: The Background of Lock 19 (Rock Island, Illinois: U.S. Army Engineer District, 1984), 3.

Plate 44.

Snagboat "General Barnard" 1885

1. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1879, 1103-06.

2. Tweet, Rock Island, 202, 203.

3. Way, Towboat, 44.

4. Tweet, Rock Island, 199-200.

5. Way, Towboat, 54.

Plate 45.

U.S. Dredge "Phoenix" (in D. M. Rap. Canal 1885)

1. A. W. Robinson, "Dredges: Their Construction and Performance (Review of General Practices)," Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers 54, C (1905),278.

2. Ibid., 281-82.

3. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1878, 745; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1911, 1964; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1920, 2979.

4. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1884, 1567.

5. Captain Ernest H. Ruffner, Copy of Letters From the Author's Japanese Letter Coping Book, 1886, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island, Illinois.

6. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1885, 1662; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1886, 1418.

7. Ibid., 1662; Ibid., 1418.

8. U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1880, 1557, 1558; U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1884, 1568.

9. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Annual Report 1923, 111, 280-81.

Plate 46.

Steamlaunch "Louise" (Above Lower Lock D.M. R. Canal), 1885

1. Tweet, Rock Island, 207.

2. Way, Towboat, 149.

Plate 47.

Lower Lock (D. M. Rap. Canal) From Below. L. W. 1891

1. Tweet, Taming, 3.

2. Tweet, Taming, 4.

3. Tweet, Rock Island, 245.

4. Tweet, Rock Island, 246-48.

5. Ronald W. Deiss, "When East Met West," Egregious Steamboat Journal (November/December, 1992).

Plate 48.

Hannibal, Missouri
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Weil, 259.

2. Henry Sweets, telephone conversation with author, 18 March 1997.

3. Bosse and Stibolt 1887-88, 24.

4. Weil, 257.

5. C. P. Green, A Mirror of Hannibal (Hannibal, Missouri: C. P. Green, 1905), 58.

6. Weil, 258.

7. Ibid., 256.

8. Twain, 301.

Plate 49.

Louisiana, Missouri From Hills Below City, 1885

1. Sanborn Map, 5.

2. Weil, 262.

3. T. D. Dahl, Wetlands: Losses in the United States 1780's to 1980's (Washington D.C.: United States Department of the Interior Report, Fish and Wildlife Service, 1990), 7-9.

4. William T. Gard, and Martha A. Madarasz, The Sny Island Levee Drainage District and the Sny Basin (New Canton, Illinois: Sny Levee and Drainage District, 1992), 12; John W. Reps, Cities of the Mississippi: Nineteenth-Century Images of Urban Development (Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press, 1994), 200.

Plate 50.

Quarry at Grafton, Illinois
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Aletta Highfill, "A Few Facts About Grafton," History of Grafton, 1918, manuscript on file at Grafton Historical Society, Grafton, Illinois, 2.

2. Ibid.

3. F. B. Meek, et al., Geological Survey of Illinois, Vol III: Geology and Palaeontology (Published by the Authority of the Legislature of Illinois, 1868), 117.

4. Highfill, 2.

Plate 51.

Floating Palace
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Twain, 227.

2. Merritt, The Corps, 41.

Plate 52.

Piasa Bluffs — Looking Upstream
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Wayne C. Temple, "The Piasa Bird: Fact or Fiction," Report of Investigations, no.

5, Springfield, Illinois: Reprinted in Journal of the State Historical Society 39, no. 3, (1956), 4.

2. Ibid., 20.

3. Ibid., 8-11.

4. Ronald W. Deiss, "Researching Midwestern Vernacular Medications: A Treatise on Indians, Snakes and the Piasa," Proceedings of the symposium on Ohio Valley Urban and Historic Archaeology, vol. II (Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville, 1984), 143.

5. Temple, 8.

6. Temple, 14.

7. Deiss, Medications, 144.

Plate 53.

Ead's Bridge and St. Louis Riverfront
(Not listed in the Rock Island District Master Set Album)

1. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 28.

2. Reps, 174.

3. Twain, 145.

4. Bosse and Stibolt, 1887-88, 28.